Dennis Buzzelli
Long Island, N.Y.

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The Colebrook equation

has long been used for calculating the friction factor, f, for incompressible and some compressible flows in uniform pipes, ducts, and conduits. It is asymptotic to both the accepted smooth-surface and rough-surface pipe equations.

Although widely used, the Colebrook equation is iterative because the unknown friction factor appears on both sides of the equation. To solve for this unknown, one must start by somehow estimating the f value on the right side of the equation, solve for the new f on the left, enter the new value back on the right side, and continue this process until there is a balance on both sides of the equation within an arbitrary difference. (An exact solution to this equation has remained elusive, to date.)

This difference must be small yet accommodate all ε/D (surface roughness/hydraulic diameter) and R_e (Reynolds number) values without causing endless computations. The method is labor intensive and complicated even for computers. Add to this the repetitive calculations needed at numerous points in complex flow systems and the task becomes time consuming, to say the least.

For these reasons, many different diagrams have been constructed to simplify the process. A well-known one is the Moody Friction Factor graph. However, reading the chart and interpolating values often leads to inaccuracies. And it would take numerous equations to capture the graphs in software.

A new equation, based on Colebrook’s, has been developed that calculates friction factors in one step.

For ε/D > 0:

This is the Colebrook equation rewritten using a modified Newton iteration for approximating the solution. The modification involves a new factor, A. For ε/D > 0, A is a modified Colebrook equation and calculates the first estimate for the unknown f, or, in this case, 1/f^0.5.

Values for f calculated with this equation are based on 69 randomly chosen numbers for Re from 4,000 to 10⁸ and ε/D from 0 (smooth) to 0.05 (rough). They were compared in terms of percent difference from f values calculated with the Colebrook equation after three iterations for each of the same Re and ε/D values (four iterations yielded negligible changes).

For ε/D > 0, all resulting differences are <0.001%. The average difference for all 69 calculations is 0.000134%, with the maximum being 0.000941% and the minimum 0%.

For ε/D = 0, A is derived using leastsquares fit and fine-tuned using trial and error. Only 52 of the 69 numbers were used because of the shorter range of Re (4,000 to 10⁷). All resulting differences are again <0.001%. The average difference for all 52 calculations is 0.000229% with a maximum 0.000519%.

A single equation for A was also developed for all cases:

However, for ε/D > 0 the maximum difference is 0.0117% for one of the calculations. The average for all 69 numbers is 0.00379%. For ε/D = 0, the difference for all 52 were again <0.001% with the same average, maximum, and minimum mentioned above.

Note that all f values calculated with the second equation are slightly higher than those of the Colebrook equation and, therefore, slightly conservative. All calculations are completed to eight decimal places using Microsoft Excel. Also note that the magnitude of the differences is sensitive to which version of factor A is used.

A shortened form of the first two equations results when R_e reaches and extends beyond certain minimum values (R_e infinity) and ε/D > 0:

This equation appears on the right side of the second equation and represents the smallest f for a given ε/D value. Friction factors are constant (straight lines on the Moody Chart) with flows fully turbulent once these R_e values are reached and are solely functions of ε/D > 0. These minimum R_e values can be approximated by:

Substituting equation 3 for 1/f^0.5 into equation 4 yields:

Or in natural logs:

After selecting a conduit material and hydraulic diameter, calculate a minimum R_e using equation 5 or 6 and compare it to the operating R_e. If the operating R_e equals or exceeds the minimum R_e, use equation 3 to calculate the friction factor. If not, use equation 2. In either case, the friction factor is calculated in one step without iterations.

Mr. Buzzelli has engineering degrees from the Stevens Institute of Technology and Polytechnic Institute of New York, and more than 20 years experience in fluid-mechanic analysis in commercial and defense industries.

Make Contact

For more information on the calculations and how data points match Moody Chart curves, contact the author at dennisbu@juno.com.