Edited by Kenneth Korane
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The E024 servovalve weighs 92 gm, is rated for 7.5-lpm flow at 70 bar, with maximum pressure of 210 bar. On F1 cars, it handles high-power applications such as shifting gears and actuating clutches. |
Over the past two decades, F1 cars have incorporated sophisticated hydraulic systems to handle a range of applications, including ABS and power-assisted braking; clutch, gearbox, and throttle actuation; and controlling engine air inlets and active suspensions.
Moog Inc.'s facility in the United Kingdom (moog.com/industrial), first supplied the F1 industry with custom versions of miniature servovalves used on aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. But these were soon replaced by products tailored to the rigors of F1.
One key demand of motorsport engineering is designing for absolutely minimum weight, according to Martin Jones, the company's motorsport market manager. "The weight-watching culture is particularly prevalent in F1, where much effort is expended to shave a few grams from even the smallest components," says Jones. Curiously, all current F1 cars carry ballast to achieve the minimum allowed weight of 600 kg. However, teams can gain considerable competitive advantage by maximizing the ballast and placing it low in the vehicle, which aids handling, explains Jones. It also facilitates on-track setup procedures, as moving the mass fore or aft alters the vehicle center of gravity.
"Hydraulics is absolutely unique in terms of power density, and the little valves we supply to F1 can control 5 hp (3.5 kW) of power at a fraction of the size and weight of equivalent electric motors," says Jones.
Moog's E024 subminiature servovalves, for instance, weigh only 92 gm, less than half the mass of the company's smallest aerospace servovalve. In today's F1 cars they're typically used on the clutch, gearshift, throttle, and differential.
The valves' small size — the E024's spool has a 4-mm diameter — and steel construction permits thin walls without excessive internal stresses, even at 280 bar. This lets designers build in a significant safety factor with minimum impact on weight.
Valve drivers in the car's ECU (electronic control unit) supply a ±10-mA current signal that is varied to produce a proportional valve response. An electric torque motor that rotates ±2° drives the pilot stage. Considerable design effort on details such as the inertia of moving parts, magnetic field strength, and air gaps results in a response time of <1 msec for the electromagnetic stage, explains Jones. It controls the tiny secondstage spool, giving total step response of 2.8 msec — extremely fast for a hydraulic servovalve.
Heat is another issue. F1 hydraulics generally operate at temperatures to 135°C, versus about 60°C on typical industrial systems. In any hydraulic circuit, throttling flow generates heat. But most industrial systems include large reservoirs to dissipate the heat. In contrast, F1 hydraulic reservoirs hold only 20 to 30 cc. With no significant oil mass in the system, temperature rises quickly.
Air coolers could be used to keep hydraulic temperatures down, but that adds weight and creates aerodynamic drag. Instead, valves are built to handle the heat. High-temperature Viton seals are the norm, and components are held to extremely tight tolerances.
One consequence of high temperatures is low oil viscosity. Compared with industrial hydraulic fluid that runs in the 20-CSt range, F1 hydraulics have a viscosity of 3 to 4 CSt at 135°C. As a result, any large clearances in the valve will generate internal fluid leakage, energy losses, and heat. To counteract these effects, radial clearance between the valve spool and body is only 1.25 m.
Systems normally rely on high-temperature, flame-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids. Engine coolant at 110°C is often used to cool the hydraulics via a liquid-toliquid heat exchanger.
Servovalves are typically serviced every 4,000 km — or about 20 hr of operation — and retired after 12,000 km. Maintenance involves dismantling and visually inspecting all components. Technicians replace all O-rings, a tiny 10- m filter inside the valve (that protects against hard-over failure from stray contamination), and a thin-wall, stainless-steel tube in the pilot stage which has a finite fatigue life.
Some car functions require only on-off hydraulic control. These include engaging reverse gear and opening the "cat-flap," an access door to the fuel filler. F1 cars also include a special safety feature, the clutch-disengagement system, used after accidents or breakdowns. Pressing a red button on the dashboard dumps oil stored in an accumulator into the clutch slave cylinder, which opens the clutch and permits race marshals to push the car off the circuit.
For these applications, Moog developed the E050-747 microsolenoid valve. The three-way, normally closed, two-position valve weighs less than 40 gm, making it one of the smallest direct-acting hydraulic solenoid valves available, says Jones.
Another application of note, says Jones, is power steering. Although F1 cars are light, they experience nearly 3 g of downforce at high speeds. They also have extreme steering geometries with large caster angles, which lifts or lowers the front end as the steering wheel turns. This makes the cars essentially undriveable without power steering.
A rules change several years ago banned electrohydraulic power steering (in what was reported as an economizing move). This forced teams to revert to hydromechanical control, for which Moog developed a precision rotary power-steering valve. It features two concentric sleeves connected by a torsion bar in the load path of the steering column. Torque applied in either direction rotates the inner and outer sleeves relative to each other. This, in turn, opens flow-metering ports that direct high-pressure oil to one side of the assist actuator. Closed-center operation minimizes energy consumption and offers high accuracy and repeatability. The valve generates high flow with small angular inputs, giving high steering stiffness and virtually instant response.
"Effectively, we've made a miniaturized version of a road-car power-steering system, but it runs at 200 bar and is much more energy efficient. It's a passive hydromechanical device, with no electronic-control inputs," says Jones.
In addition to F1, other racing circuits have also embraced hydraulics. Rally cars, for instance, use servovalves for transmission control and on suspensions to improve traction and handling on a variety of road surfaces. In these instances, miniature, high-response servovalves must survive extreme environmental demands. The tiny E024 valves have also made hydraulic control possible on motorcycles, and are expected to soon appear on Moto GP bikes. Future motorsport developments will likely include more energy-efficient hydraulics and even lighter actuators.